Ku ya 7 Nyakanga, isoko ry’ubucuruzi bw’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ryafunguwe ku mugaragaro imbere ya buri wese, ibyo bikaba bigaragaza intambwe igaragara mu nzira y’Ubushinwa butera kutabogama kwa karubone.Kuva mu buryo bwa CDM kugeza ku cyicaro cy’ubucuruzi bw’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere mu ntara, imyaka igera kuri makumyabiri y’ubushakashatsi, kuva kwibaza impaka kugeza kubyuka ubwenge, amaherezo yatangije muri iki gihe cyo kuzungura ibyahise no kumurikira ejo hazaza.Isoko ryigihugu rya karubone ryarangije icyumweru kimwe cyubucuruzi, kandi muriki kiganiro, tuzasobanura imikorere yisoko rya karubone mucyumweru cya mbere duhereye ku mwuga, gusesengura no guhanura ibibazo bihari hamwe niterambere ryiterambere.(Inkomoko: Ingufu zidasanzwe Umwanditsi: Wang Kang)
1. Kwitegereza isoko ryubucuruzi bwigihugu bwa karubone icyumweru kimwe
Ku ya 7 Nyakanga, umunsi wo gufungura isoko ry’ubucuruzi bw’igihugu cya karubone, hacurujwe toni miliyoni 16.410 z’amasezerano yo kwishyiriraho ibiciro, hamwe n’ibicuruzwa byinjije miliyoni 2, naho igiciro cyo gufunga cyari 1.51 yu / toni, cyiyongereyeho 23,6% uhereye ku giciro cyo gufungura, kandi igiciro kinini mumasomo cyari 73.52 yuan / toni.Igiciro cyo gusoza cyumunsi cyari hejuru gato ugereranije n’inganda zumvikanyweho n’inganda zingana na 8-30, kandi n’ubucuruzi ku munsi wa mbere nabwo bwari hejuru kuruta uko byari byitezwe, kandi imikorere ku munsi wa mbere yashishikarizwaga n’inganda.
Nyamara, ingano yubucuruzi kumunsi wambere yavuye ahanini mubigo bishinzwe kugenzura no kugenzura ibyuka bihumanya kugirango bafate umuryango, guhera kumunsi wa kabiri wubucuruzi, nubwo igiciro cya kwota cyakomeje kwiyongera, umubare wubucuruzi wagabanutse cyane ugereranije numunsi wambere wubucuruzi, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo n'imbonerahamwe ikurikira.
Imbonerahamwe 1 Urutonde rwicyumweru cya mbere cyisoko ryubucuruzi bwangiza imyuka yigihugu
Igishushanyo 2 Igipimo cyo gucuruza mucyumweru cya mbere cyisoko ryigihugu rya karubone
Ukurikije uko ibintu bimeze ubu, igiciro cy’amafaranga giteganijwe kuguma gihamye kandi kizamuka bitewe n’uko biteganijwe ko hongerwa amafaranga ya karubone, ariko ubucuruzi bwabo bukomeza kuba buke.Niba ubaze ukurikije impuzandengo yubucuruzi ya buri munsi ya toni 30.4 (impuzandengo yubucuruzi muminsi 2 iri imbere ni inshuro 2), igipimo cyibicuruzwa byumwaka ni hafi <>%, kandi ingano irashobora kwiyongera mugihe imikorere igihe kiraza, ariko igipimo cyumwaka cyumwaka nticyizere.
Icya kabiri, ibibazo nyamukuru bihari
Hashingiwe kubikorwa byubwubatsi bwisoko ryubucuruzi bw’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere hamwe n’imikorere yicyumweru cya mbere cyisoko, isoko rya karubone iriho rishobora kugira ibibazo bikurikira:
Ubwa mbere, uburyo bugezweho bwo gutanga indamunite bituma bigora ubucuruzi bwisoko rya karubone kuringaniza ibiciro bihamye no guhindagurika.Kugeza ubu, ibipimo byatanzwe ku buntu, kandi umubare rusange w’ibipimo urahagije muri rusange, hakurikijwe uburyo bwo gucuruza ibicuruzwa, kubera ko igiciro cyo kubona ibipimo ari zeru, iyo itangwa rirenze, igiciro cya karubone gishobora kugabanuka ku buryo bworoshye igiciro cyo hasi;Ariko, niba igiciro cya karubone gihamye binyuze mubuyobozi buteganijwe cyangwa izindi ngamba, byanze bikunze bizagabanya ibicuruzwa byacyo, ni ukuvuga ko bizaba ingirakamaro.Mu gihe abantu bose bashimye izamuka ry’ibiciro bya karuboni bikomeje, igikwiye kwitabwaho ni impungenge zihishe z’imikorere idahagije, kubura ibicuruzwa byinshi, no kudashyigikira ibiciro bya karubone.
Icya kabiri, ibigo byitabiriye hamwe nubucuruzi bwubwoko bumwe.Kugeza ubu, abitabiriye isoko ry’igihugu cya karuboni bagarukira gusa ku bigo bigenzura ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, kandi amasosiyete y’umutungo wa karubone wabigize umwuga, ibigo by’imari n’abashoramari ku giti cyabo ntibarabona itike ku isoko ry’ubucuruzi bwa karubone kugeza ubu, nubwo ibyago byo gutekerezaho byagabanutse, ariko ntabwo bifasha kwagura igipimo cyimari nigikorwa cyisoko.Gahunda y'abitabiriye amahugurwa yerekana ko imikorere nyamukuru yisoko rya karubone iri mubikorwa byinganda zishinzwe kugenzura ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, kandi imikoreshereze yigihe kirekire ntishobora gushyigikirwa hanze.Muri icyo gihe, ubwoko bwubucuruzi ni ibibanza gusa, hatabayeho kwinjiza ejo hazaza, amahitamo, imbere, swaps nibindi bikomokaho, no kubura ibikoresho byiza byo kuvumbura ibiciro hamwe nuburyo bwo gukumira ingaruka.
Icya gatatu, kubaka sisitemu yo kugenzura no kugenzura ibyuka bihumanya ikirere bifite inzira ndende.Umutungo wa karubone ni umutungo usanzwe ushingiye ku makuru y’ibyuka byoherezwa mu kirere, kandi isoko rya karubone ntirisobanutse neza kuruta andi masoko, kandi ukuri, kuzuza no kumenya neza amakuru y’ibyuka byoherezwa mu kirere ni byo shingiro ry’izerwa ry’isoko rya karubone.Ingorabahizi zo kugenzura amakuru y’ingufu hamwe na sisitemu y’inguzanyo idatunganye byahungabanije cyane iterambere ry’imicungire y’amasezerano, kandi Isosiyete ikora ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga rya Erdos yatangaje ibinyoma amakuru y’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere n’ibindi bibazo, iyi ikaba ari imwe mu mpamvu zatumye isubikwa gufungura isoko ryigihugu rya karubone, dushobora gutekereza ko hamwe no kubaka ibikoresho byubwubatsi, sima, inganda zimiti nizindi nganda zikoresha ingufu zinyuranye, uburyo bukomeye bwo kubyaza umusaruro hamwe n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ku isoko, kunoza MRV sisitemu nayo izaba ingorabahizi ikomeye kuneshwa mukubaka isoko rya karubone.
Icya kane, politiki ijyanye n'umutungo wa CCER ntabwo isobanutse.Nubwo igipimo cyo guhagarika umutungo wa CCER cyinjira ku isoko rya karubone ari gito, gifite ingaruka zigaragara mu kohereza ibimenyetso by’ibiciro kugira ngo bigaragaze agaciro k’ibidukikije by’imishinga yo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, ikurikiranirwa hafi n’ingufu nshya, ikwirakwizwa ry’ingufu, imyanda ya karuboni y’amashyamba n’ibindi bijyanye amashyaka, kandi ni ninjiriro yinzego nyinshi kwitabira isoko rya karubone.Nyamara, amasaha yo gufungura CCER, kuba hari imishinga iriho kandi idatanzwe, igipimo cya offset hamwe n’imishinga yatewe inkunga iracyasobanutse kandi ntivugwaho rumwe, ibyo bikaba bigabanya isoko rya karubone guteza imbere ihinduka ry’ingufu n’amashanyarazi ku rugero runini.
Icya gatatu, ibiranga nisesengura ryibyerekezo
Dushingiye ku byo twavuze haruguru no gusesengura ibibazo, twemeje ko isoko ry’amafaranga yoherezwa mu kirere ku rwego rw’igihugu azagaragaza ibimenyetso bikurikira:
(1) Kubaka isoko yigihugu ya karubone ni umushinga wa sisitemu igoye
Icya mbere nukuzirikana uburinganire hagati yiterambere ryubukungu nibidukikije.Nkigihugu kiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, umurimo w’iterambere ry’ubukungu mu Bushinwa uracyari uremereye cyane, kandi igihe gisigaye kuri twe nyuma yo kugera ku rwego rwo hejuru rwo kutabogama ni imyaka 30 gusa, kandi akazi katoroshye kari hejuru cyane ugereranije n’ibihugu byateye imbere by’iburengerazuba.Kuringaniza isano iri hagati yiterambere no kutabogama kwa karubone no kugenzura umubare wimpinga byihuse byihuse birashobora gutanga uburyo bwiza bwo kutabogama nyuma, kandi "kurekura mbere hanyuma gukomera" birashoboka cyane ko bizasiga ingorane ningaruka zigihe kizaza.
Iya kabiri ni ukureba ubusumbane hagati yiterambere ryakarere niterambere ryinganda.Urwego rw’iterambere ry’ubukungu n’imibereho myiza n’umutungo utangwa mu turere dutandukanye tw’Ubushinwa biratandukanye cyane, kandi kuzamuka no kutabogama ahantu hatandukanye hakurikijwe ibihe bitandukanye bihuye n’ibihe by’Ubushinwa, bikagerageza uburyo bukoreshwa ku isoko ry’igihugu cya karubone.Mu buryo nk'ubwo, inganda zitandukanye zifite ubushobozi butandukanye bwo kwihanganira ibiciro bya karubone, nuburyo bwo kuzamura iterambere ryuzuye ryinganda zinyuranye binyuze mu gutanga kwota hamwe nuburyo bwo kugena ibiciro bya karubone nabwo ni ikibazo cyingenzi tugomba gusuzuma.
Icya gatatu nuburyo bugoye bwibiciro.Duhereye kuri macro nigihe kirekire, ibiciro bya karubone bigenwa na macroeconomie, iterambere rusange ryinganda, hamwe niterambere rya tekinoroji ya karubone nkeya, kandi mubitekerezo, ibiciro bya karubone bigomba kuba bingana nigiciro cyo kubungabunga ingufu kandi kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya muri sosiyete yose.Nyamara, duhereye kuri micye kandi yigihe gito, ukurikije uburyo bwubucuruzi nubucuruzi, ibiciro bya karubone bigenwa nogutanga no gukenera umutungo wa karubone, kandi uburambe mpuzamahanga bwerekana ko niba uburyo bwa cap-nubucuruzi budashyize mu gaciro, bizashoboka bitera ihindagurika rinini mu biciro bya karubone.
Icya kane nuburyo bugoye bwa sisitemu.Amakuru yingufu nisoko yingenzi yingenzi yo kubara ibaruramari rya karubone, kubera ko ibigo bitandukanye bitanga ingufu byigenga ugereranije, leta, ibigo bya leta, ibigo bifata amakuru yingufu ntabwo byuzuye kandi byuzuye, gukusanya amakuru yingufu za kalibiri, gutondeka ni byinshi biragoye, amateka yububiko bwa karuboni yabuze, biragoye gushyigikira igenamigambi ryuzuye hamwe no kugabura ibiciro bya entreprise no kugenzura macro-guverinoma, gushyiraho uburyo bwiza bwo kugenzura ibyuka bihumanya ikirere bisaba imbaraga zigihe kirekire.
(2) Isoko ryigihugu rya karubone rizaba mugihe kirekire cyo gutera imbere
Mu rwego rwo gukomeza kugabanya ingufu z’amashanyarazi n’amashanyarazi kugira ngo bigabanye umutwaro ku mishinga, biteganijwe ko umwanya wo kohereza ibiciro bya karuboni mu nganda nawo ari muto, ibyo bikaba byerekana ko ibiciro bya karuboni by’Ubushinwa bitazaba biri hejuru cyane, bityo Uruhare runini rwisoko rya karubone mbere yo gufata karubone iracyari ahanini kunoza imikorere yisoko.Umukino uri hagati ya guverinoma n’inganda, guverinoma yo hagati n’inzego z’ibanze, bizatuma habaho kugabanywa kwinshi, uburyo bwo kugabura buzakomeza kuba ubuntu, kandi ikigereranyo cy’ibiciro bya karubone kizagenda ku rwego rwo hasi (biteganijwe ko igiciro cya karubone izaguma mu gipimo cya 50-80 yuan / toni mugihe kinini kizaza, kandi igihe cyo kubahiriza gishobora kuzamuka muri make kugeza kuri 100 yuan / toni, ariko biracyari hasi ugereranije n’isoko ry’ibicuruzwa bya karubone by’iburayi hamwe n’ingufu zikenerwa n’ingufu).Cyangwa irerekana ibiranga igiciro kinini cya karubone ariko kubura gukabije.
Kuri iki kibazo, ingaruka z’isoko rya karubone mugutezimbere ingufu zirambye ntizigaragara, nubwo igiciro cyamafaranga atangwa kiri hejuru kurenza uko byari byateganijwe mbere, ariko igiciro rusange kiracyari gito ugereranije nibindi biciro byisoko rya karubone nku Burayi nu Amerika, ihwanye nigiciro cya karubone kuri kilowati yingufu zamakara yiyongereye kuri 0.04 yuan / kWt (ukurikije ko hashyizweho ingufu zumuriro kuri kilowati 800g). Dioxyde de carbone (dioxyde de carbone), isa nkaho igira ingaruka runaka, ariko iki gice cyigiciro cya karubone kizongerwaho gusa kuri kwota irenze, ifite uruhare runini mugutezimbere ihinduka ryiyongera, ariko uruhare rwo guhindura imigabane biterwa no gukomeza gukomera kwa kwota.
Muri icyo gihe, umuvuduko muke uzagira ingaruka ku igenamigambi ry’umutungo wa karubone ku isoko ry’imari, kubera ko umutungo w’amazi udafite umuvuduko muke kandi uzagabanywa mu gusuzuma agaciro, bityo bikagira ingaruka ku iterambere ry’isoko rya karubone.Imikoreshereze mibi nayo ntabwo ifasha iterambere no gucuruza umutungo wa CCER, niba igipimo cyumwaka cyisoko ryisoko rya karubone kiri munsi yikiguzi cyemewe cya CCER, bivuze ko CCER idashobora kwinjira mumasoko ya karubone kugirango ikoreshe agaciro kayo, kandi igiciro cyayo izabikora gukandamizwa cyane, bigira ingaruka kumajyambere yimishinga ijyanye nayo.
(3) Kwagura isoko rya karubone yigihugu no kuzamura ibicuruzwa bizakorerwa icyarimwe
Igihe kirenze, isoko yigihugu ya karubone izatsinda buhoro buhoro intege nke zayo.Mu myaka 2-3 iri imbere, inganda umunani zikomeye zizashyirwa mu buryo buteganijwe, biteganijwe ko igipimo rusange kizagera kuri toni miliyari 80-90 ku mwaka, umubare w’ibigo birimo uzagera kuri 7-8,4000, kandi umutungo wose wisoko uzagera 5000 - <> ukurikije igiciro cya karubone kiriho ubu.Hamwe nogutezimbere sisitemu yo gucunga karubone hamwe nitsinda ryabakozi babigize umwuga, umutungo wa karubone ntuzongera gukoreshwa mubikorwa gusa, kandi icyifuzo cyo kuvugurura umutungo wa karubone gisanzwe binyuze mu guhanga udushya kizarushaho gukomera, harimo serivisi zimari nka karubone imbere, swap , uburyo bwa karubone, ubukode bwa karubone, imiyoboro ya karubone, umutekano wa karubone n'amafaranga ya karubone.
Biteganijwe ko umutungo wa CCER uzinjira mu isoko rya karubone mu mpera z’umwaka, kandi uburyo bwo kubahiriza ibigo bukazanozwa, kandi uburyo bwo kohereza ibiciro ku isoko rya karubone mu mbaraga nshya, serivisi z’ingufu zihuriweho n’izindi nganda bizanozwa.Mu bihe biri imbere, ibigo by’umutungo wa karubone wabigize umwuga, ibigo by’imari n’abashoramari ku giti cyabo barashobora kwinjira mu isoko ry’ubucuruzi bwa karubone mu buryo butunganijwe, bateza imbere abantu benshi bitabiriye isoko rya karubone, ingaruka zigaragara zo kwegeranya imari, hamwe n’amasoko akora buhoro buhoro, bityo bikagenda neza buhoro buhoro ukwezi.
Igihe cyoherejwe: Nyakanga-19-2023